瞭解泳池保稅要求

根據國家電氣規範 (NEC) 確保安全和合規性

說到游泳池的安全性，適當的接合是不容忽視的重要一環。泳池接合包括連接泳池內和泳池周圍的金屬元件，以建立共同的電勢，從而降低觸電的風險。本文旨在提供對泳池接合要求的全面瞭解，詳細說明需要接合的項目，並參考美國國家電氣規範 (NEC) 的相關章節。

This article is written from the point of view of an engineer/inspector, performing pool inspections in Texas. Other jurisdictions can have different requirements, and it’s always best to speak to a locally licensed professional.

為何泳池保稅是必要的

接合是一種安全措施，可確保泳池環境中的所有金屬元件都處於相同的電位，從而防止觸電。如果沒有適當的接合，這些元件之間的電位差異可能會導致危險的電流通過池水或其他導電表面，對游泳者造成嚴重的危險。

水池接合的 NEC 參考資料

NEC 在第 680 條 - 等電位接合中提供了有關水池接合的詳細指引。主要章節包括

Article 680.26(A) – Performance

This section sets up the equipotential bonding requirements. The goal here is to reduce all voltage gradients around the pool structure. This can be thought of as the overarching goal of this section. It’s important to stop and recognize these types of goal-setting code sections and make sure to keep it in mind when you read the rest of this code portion or when constructing or inspecting a pool.

For instance, if an independent concrete slab were around the pool and connected to the residence’s ufer/slab grounding system only, and then the immediate vicinity around the pool connected to an ungrounded bonding-only system out to the 3′ requirement? The result would be the potential for voltage gradients across the interface, so it would be wise not to construct it that way. In such a case, a prudent action would be to ensure the bonding system is grounded, which is recommended by Dreiym for almost all cases, but consult your designing engineer.

第 680.26(B)條 - 保稅零件

Here, the NEC details the bonding of perimeter surfaces. It describes the methods and materials that must be used to bond surfaces within 5 feet of the pool’s edge.

• 第 680.26(B)(1)條 - 泳池外殼

水池外殼必須由 (a) 結構鋼筋或 (b) 8 AWG 裸線黏合而成。 固體 wire. If the steel is encapsulated in a non-conductive compound, a copper conductor grid is required. Once a shell is poured, it can be difficult to certify that the steel is not coated in a non-conductive compound, or any paints used are also ionically conductive. Some pools use coated reinforcing steel for long-term corrosion protection. If you have coated rebar, a copper grid should be used to supplement the pool shell’s bonding system.

快速說明：鋼筋在飽和水和氯的混凝土中的腐蝕性

As an aside, the combination of uncoated rebar along with ionically conductive interior paints may reduce the life of a concrete pool due to corrosion attacks on the rebar. Concrete’s alkaline nature does reduce this effect for a good period of time, but not indefinitely. Metal corrodes when it gives off conventional electrical current into an electrolyte. This type of reaction happens naturally between steel rebar and copper, with the steel corroding and the copper being cathodically protected through galvanic action, and can be accelerated by the presence of pool water.

If you wish to prolong the life of a concrete structure, proper protection of the rebar is suggested. With a pool, adequate water conductivity can be achieved with a water bond fitting, which can also be inspected and replaced periodically. Dreiym routinely consults with businesses and owners who are experiencing corrosion on a concrete structure’s steel supports.

如果您想建造一個新泳池，請向您的建造商詢問有關鋼觔上的非導電塗層。我們建議不在上層甲板上塗層，以便適當降低表面電壓梯度，但請注意，您可能需要安裝延伸至緊接甲板之外的銅網，而非本文稍後討論的簡單銅環。

• 第 680.26(B)(2)條 - 周邊表面

The pool shell must be surrounded by a perimeter that extends out 1m (3 ft.) around the pool. You can achieve equipotential bonding in this area with a few methods.

1. Structural reinforcing steel – such as a concrete walkway. The concrete needs to be bonded to the pool bonding and grounding system.
   1. A copper ring. Sometimes we refer to that as a “halo”, this copper ring must be connected to the pool at four locations. This ground ring must be 18 in to 24 in from the inside of the pool, and buried at a depth of 4 to 6 inches.
   1. 當水池外殼被非導電材料包覆時，您需要在水池周圍安裝銅柵，而不是銅環。這有助於泳池外部的電壓梯度，而泳池外殼本身可能與地面電絕緣。請注意，並非總是能分辨出外殼本身是否包覆在不導電的材料中，而甲板鋼筋則是裸露的（以便於接地連接）。工程師可以執行某些類型的測試來檢查這一點，但這最終可能要由工程師利用泳池周圍印象深刻的故障來判斷。

• 第 680.26(B)(3)條 - 金屬組件

This one is often overlooked in our inspections. There can be many sources of metallic components around a pool, the obvious are water fall features, handrails, chair supports, umbrella supports, etc. These components should be attached to the ground system with a listed and rated connection, or preferably by exothermic weld. We recommend that welds are coated to prevent bi-metallic corrosion of the connection. Same all receipts and charge bodies for inspection if required.

• 第 680.26(B)(4)條 - 水下照明

A major reason why the pool needs to be emptied for an inspection is that the lights require several different items to be confirmed as compliant. Proper grounding and bonding fall under that in this section.

• 第 680.26(B)(5)條 - 金屬配件

Metal fittings require that they be bonded. Fittings can vary, and there is an exception for very small metal pool fittings (

• 第 680.26(B)(6)條 - 電氣設備

所有泳池設備都必須保稅。雙重絕緣的水泵馬達和非常大的泳池熱水器有一些例外。有些設備會有一個接合點和一個接地點。請務必仔細查看設備的安裝手冊。

在本節中，對於當接駁系統和接地系統沒有電性連接時，如何連接馬達設備做了一些說明。我們認為這是一種危險的狀況；每項物業都應該只有一個接地與接合系統，而且兩者在電力上應該是連續的。在執行法證工程任務時，我們會看到有人因獨立的接地與接合系統而觸電。適當的工程與設計考量可防止電路循環。 接地系統沒有電氣分離的接地電流.接地接合系統可能需要由您所在管轄區域內的持牌電工來完成，而不是泳池承包商。當建造工程未聘請電工時，這可能是一個常被忽略的項目。沒有電工執照的水池承包商不應該執行此接地工作，不當執行可能會造成危險。我們尚未發現有泳池故意將接駁和接地系統分開。這種系統間的電氣接地連接應該只發生在一個位置，以防止水池中的電氣洩漏。 循環接地電流. If the bonding and grounding systems are separated, a licensed electrician should confirm the proper grounding of pool equipment where required prior to any inspections.

如果您決定保留一個獨立的 接地和接合系統，接地系統 should only be worked on by a licensed electrician. Some jurisdictions allow non-electricians to work on pool bonding systems, but not on pool grounding systems. A licensed electrician should carefully check the pool pumps proper grounding on a separated system before any inspections. If you have a concrete slab around the pool structure that extends toward the home, the bonding system should be grounded to prevent voltage gradients between the slabs.

• 第 680.26(B)(7)條 - 固定金屬零件

This is another catch-all requiring the bonding of fencing, metal doors, metal window frames, metal awnings, and other similar metal structures in the area. Also sometimes overlooked are landscaping features, such as rock barriers. Again, we recommend exothermic welding where possible.

Article 680.26(C) – Pool Water

本節值得 其本身的文章. The pool’s bonding system must be in “direct connection with the pool water”. The language can be vague and frustrating to many when it comes to the shell itself being the water bond. This most often comes down to a judgment call on the project, and whether other metallic structures or the pool shell is sufficient. We recommend that one is installed before any inspections you may have because they are cheap and fast to put into place. If numerous other issues are noted with a bonding system, an inspector is likely to require a separate water bond to ensure safety. This provides an inspectable and repairable water bonding feature for the pool. This added water bond can also allow for additional stray voltage testing in the future.

測試

要測試這些系統，必須做幾件事。

1. 清空水池
2. Expose the ground ring/grid at four locations around the pool. This includes the connection point and connection clamp used.
3. 將所有燈具從插座中取出

With these tasks complete, an engineer can trace conduits, inspect lighting, and measure bonding resistances throughout the system. Several specialized tools are required to ensure that the pool is constructed correctly.

工程評估

If an engineer identifies many defects in a pool’s grounding/bonding system, they may need to see additional items beyond the National Electrical Code to achieve a safe installation. Think of it like a civil engineer putting additional supports under a support beam that they are concerned about. The goal here is to be careful, and make sure that the pool is safe for years of use. Unlike a sagging support beam, the consequences of poorly functioning grounding and bonding systems are usually not noticed until someone is injured. If the inspection shows problems with what can still be seen and inspected, the inspector’s concerns will naturally turn to what they can no longer see. Thankfully, there are many options available for many installations that are relatively inexpensive and do not require the complete removal of a pool’s concrete shell.

结论

瞭解並遵守泳池接合規定對於確保游泳者的安全和泳池設備的正常運作至關重要。遵循 NEC 中規定的準則，業主和泳池安裝人員可以創造一個安全的游泳環境，將電氣危險的風險降至最低。

如需更詳細的資訊和特定的安裝實務，請務必參閱最新版的國家電氣規範和 諮詢有執照的工程師.